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12,2 Millionen Bundesbürger sind über 60 Jahre alt. Im Jahre 2000 werden es bereits 14 Millionen sein. Kein Wunder also, dass die Senioren für viele Wirtschaftszweige immer interessanter werden. Dies gilt auch für die Tourismusbranche, die mit der wachsenden Reisefreude der älteren Generation rechnen kann. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse einer Studie wiedergegeben, die das Institut für Freizeit‐ und Tourismusberatung aus Ettlingen Anfang des Jahres gemacht hatte.

The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial fluctuation spillover effect of green total factor productivity (GTFP) under the influence of Internet development.

Using panel data from 283 cities in China for the period 2003–2016, this paper explores the spatial fluctuation spillover effect of internet development on GTFP by applying the spatial autoregressive with autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model (SARspARCH).

The results of Moran's I test of the residual term and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) value indicate that the GTFP has a spatial fluctuation spillover effect, and the estimated results of the SARspARCH model are more accurate than the spatial autoregressive (SAR) model and the spatial autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (spARCH) model. Specifically, the internet development had a positive spatial fluctuation spillover effect on GTFP in 2003, 2011, 2012 and 2014, and the volatility spillover effect weakens the positive spillover effect of internet development on GTFP. Moreover, Internet development has a significant positive spatial fluctuation spillover effect on GTFP averagely in eastern China and internet-based cities.

The results of this study provide digital solutions for policymakers in improving the level of GTFP in China, with more emphasis on regional synergistic governance to ensure growth.

This paper expands the research ideas for spatial econometric models and provides a more valuable reference for China to achieve green development.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a bi-objective optimization framework to select prefabricated construction service composition. An improved algorithm-genetic simulated annealing algorithm (GSA) is employed to demonstrate the application of the framework.

The weighted aggregate multi-dimensional collaborative relationship is used to quantitatively evaluate the synergistic effect. The quality of service is measured using the same method. The research proposed a service combination selection framework of prefabricated construction that comprehensively considers the quality of service and synergistic effect. The framework is demonstrated by using a GSA that can accept poor solutions with a certain probability. Furthermore, GSA is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing algorithm (SA) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) to validate the performance.

The results indicated that GSA has the largest optimal fitness value and synergistic effect compared with other algorithms, and the convergence time and convergence iteration of the improved algorithm are generally at a low level.

The contribution of this study is that the proposed framework enables project managers to clarify the interactions of the prefabricated construction process and provides guidance for project collaborative management. In addition, GSA helps to improve the probability of successful collaboration between potential partners, therefore enhancing client satisfaction.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the contemporary paradigm of business leadership vis-à-vis China’s reform and transitional context.

The paper employs an evidence-based approach to explore the business leadership issues influenced by economic reform and within the context of societal transition in China. A qualitative research method was adopted based on in-depth interviews with a number of middle managers from a variety of Chinese enterprises, including state-owned, domestic-private and foreign-invested enterprises. Content analysis of several rounds of interviews added depth to the data analysis.

The findings complement existing thoughts and illustrate concepts, issues, and characteristics not yet emphasized in mainstream literature. General patterns and associated characteristics of business leadership in China, as well as specific patterns associated with different forms of enterprise ownerships, are identified.

The study makes a timely and necessary contribution that enriches context-specific understandings of business leadership against the backdrop of surrounding economic, social, and cultural changes.

The study enriches understandings of commonalities and differences in leadership across the globe, facilitating working collaboratively to achieve common goals in a global community.

The study offers new insights into business leadership by linking contextual, personal, and cognitional factors together and demonstrates some unique characteristics of leadership styles in transitional economies like China.

We take a state-stewardship view on corporate governance and executive compensation in economies with strong political involvement, where state-appointed managers act as responsible “stewards” rather than “agents” of the state.

We test this view on China and find that Chinese managers are remunerated not for maximizing equity value but for increasing the value of state-owned assets.

Managerial compensation depends on political connections and prestige, and on the firms’ contribution to political goals. These effects were attenuated since the market-oriented governance reform.

Economic reform without reforming the human resources policies at the executive level enables the autocratic state to exert political power on corporate decision making, so as to ensure that firms’ business activities fulfill the state’s political objectives.

As a powerful social elite, the state-steward managers in China have the same interests as the state (the government), namely extracting rents that should adhere to the nation (which stands for the society at large or the collective private citizens).

As China has been a communist country with a single ruling party for decades, the ideas of socialism still have a strong impact on how companies are run. The legitimacy of the elite’s privileged rights over private sectors is central to our question.

Chinese executive compensation stimulates not only the maximization of shareholder value but also the preservation of the state’s interests.

A decentralized dynamic neural network (DNN)-based fault detection (FD) system for the reaction wheels of satellites in a formation flying mission is proposed. The paper aims to discuss the above issue.

The highly nonlinear dynamics of each spacecraft in the formation is modeled by using DNNs. The DNNs are trained based on the extended back-propagation algorithm by using the set of input/output data that are collected from the 3-axis of the attitude control subsystem of each satellite. The parameters of the DNNs are adjusted to meet certain performance requirements and minimize the output estimation error.

The capability of the proposed methodology has been investigated under different faulty scenarios. The proposed approach is a decentralized FD strategy, implying that a fault occurrence in one of the spacecraft in the formation is detected by using both a local fault detector and fault detectors constructed specifically based on the neighboring spacecraft. It is shown that this method has the capability of detecting low severity actuator faults in the formation that could not have been detected by only a local fault detector.

The nonlinear dynamics of the formation flying of spacecraft are represented by multilayer DNNs, in which conventional static neurons are replaced by dynamic neurons. In our proposed methodology, a DNN is utilized in each axis of every satellite that is trained based on the absolute attitude measurements in the formation that may nevertheless be incapable of detecting low severity faults. The DNNs that are utilized for the formation level are trained based on the relative attitude measurements of a spacecraft and its neighboring spacecraft that are then shown to be capable of detecting even low severity faults, thereby demonstrating the advantages and benefits of our proposed solution.

The purpose of this paper is to present two efficient immersed boundary methods (IBM) for simulation of thermal flow problems. One method is for given temperature condition (Dirichlet type), while the other is for given heat flux condition (Neumann type). The methods are applied to simulate natural and mixed convection problems to check their performance. The comparison of present results with available data in the literature shows that the present methods can obtain accurate numerical results efficiently.

The paper presents two efficient IBM solvers, in which the effect of thermal boundary to its surrounding fluid is considered through the introduction of a heat source/sink term into the energy equation. One is the temperature correction‐based IBM developed for problems with given temperature on the wall. The other is heat flux correction‐based IBM for problems with given heat flux on the wall. Note that in this solver, the offset of derivative condition is directly used to correct the temperature field.

As compared with existing solvers, the temperature correction‐based IBM determines the heat source/sink implicitly instead of pre‐calculated explicitly, so that the boundary condition for temperature is accurately satisfied. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the work of heat flux correction‐based IBM is the first endeavour for application of IBM to solve thermal flow problems with Neumann (heat flux) boundary condition. It was found that both methods presented in this work can efficiently obtain accurate numerical results for thermal flow problems.

The two methods presented in this paper are novel. They can effectively solve thermal flow problems with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions.

This study examines the effect of value-added (VA) intellectual capital on business performance from the perspective of productive efficiency, which is derived from its main contributors, namely, profitability and marketability efficiencies in two stages.

First, this study applies a dynamic network slacks-based measure in a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to estimate productive efficiency and its components of 766 Taiwan listed electronics companies over the period of 2010–2018. Second, this study performs regression analyses of the association between intellectual capital (IC), which is proxied by VA intellectual coefficient (VAIC^TM) and estimated DEA efficiency scores through various regression techniques.

Empirical evidence shows a significantly positive association between VAIC^TM and productive efficiency. This study finds the same result from the IC components after splitting VAIC^TM into (1) IC efficiency, which comprises human capital efficiency (HCE) and structural capital efficiency and (2) capital employed efficiency. Further examination reveals that HCE is the sole main contributor of the productive efficiency, and profitability and marketability efficiencies of a company.

The findings of this study highlight the need to discuss the values of intellectual coefficient (IC) from the perspective of productive efficiency for better comprehensiveness.

Although previous studies have shown that IC is a contributor of business performance, this study further zooms in VAIC and examines its effect on the efficiency of a company in transforming its inputs into outputs.

Although an important facet of modernist architecture in which function plays a prominent role, building flexibility is not entirely a new concept. Its relevance transcends generations, allowing space and structure to evolve through time. This paper investigates the relationship among main building structures, infill elements, and space by studying examples in ancient Chinese architecture. It reveals the role of building owners, users, and craftsmen from a survey of historical documentation. In studying these examples, it is concluded that craftsmen in ancient China were involved not only during the construction phase but throughout the period of use as well. Thus, in select cases, the relationship between craftsmen and owners or users had been preserved for generations. Finally, this paper suggests potential strategies for the building industry and technology in the move towards sustainable development.

This paper aims to propose an enhanced densely dehazing network to suit railway scenes’ features and improve the visual quality degraded by haze and fog.

It is an end-to-end network based on DenseNet. The authors design enhanced dense blocks and fuse them in a pyramid pooling module for visual data’s local and global features. Multiple ablation studies have been conducted to show the effects of each module proposed in this paper.

The authors have compared dehazed results on real hazy images and railway hazy images of state-of-the-art dehazing networks with the dehazed results in data quality. Finally, an object-detection test is taken to judge the edge information preservation after haze removal. All results demonstrate that the proposed dehazing network performs better under railway scenes in detail.

This study provides a new method for image enhancing in the railway monitoring system.